The following sections describe information found in a full record.
Full Record Fields
Title
The full title of the journal article, conference proceeding, book, book chapter, and so on.
A book chapter record is the title of the book chapter. The source is the title of the book. If the title and the source are the same, then it is always a book.
By
The names of all authors. You may see two versions of an author name in records of articles published in 2006 and later. Be aware that you must still search for an author by last name followed by one or more initials.
A superscript number may appear after an author's name. This means we have found an association between the author's name and the author's address. When you click the number link, the system takes you to the Addresses field where you can see the author's address.
In some cases, an author may be assigned more than one address and you will see more than one superscript number. In other cases, an author may not be assigned an address while other authors of the same article are assigned an address. This occurs when we cannot determine which address is associated with an author.
The product maintains the author / address association when you print, e-mail, save, and export records. In the Address field of your output document, look for the author's name before the address.
Group Author(s)
The name of the organization or institution that authored the source document. For example, the IEEE and Down Syndrome Res Grp.
Book Author(s)
The names of one or more book authors.
Book Group Author(s)
The names of one or more institutional authors of a book such as IEEE.
Edited by
The name of one or more editors of a source publication. Note that a corporate author can also be an editor.
Click the hyperlink to see a complete list of documents edited by the selected person.
View Researcher Profile and ORCID
This table lists the authors who have claimed the document as their work. Click an identifier to view the author's publication list on their Web of Science Researcher Profile or ORCID. An author may have a Web of Science ResearcherID number or an ORCID, or both.
If you're the author of the article, add it to your researcher profile by selecting Add to my researcher profile from the Export drop down menu.
For more information about Web of Science Researcher Profiles visit: https://webofscience.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/sections/29975389450897-WoS-Researcher-Profiles
For more information about ORCID, visit orcid.org.
Source
Source information generally appears in the following order.
- Volume
- Issue
- Pages
- Part Number
- Supplement
- Special Issue
- Meeting Abstract Number
- Article Number
- DOI
- Published (Publication Date)
Journal Information
The title of the source publication followed by:
- Volume Number
- Issue Number
- Special Issue Number
- Page Range
- DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
- Part Number
- Supplement Number
- Publication Date
Books
The title of the source publication followed by:
- Book Series (if applicable)
- Volume Number
- Issue
- Page Range
- DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
- Publication Date
Book Series
The title of the source publication followed by:
- Book Series Title
- Volume Number
- Page Range
- DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
- Publication Date
Conference
The title of the source publication followed by:
- Conference Title
- Conference Location
- Conference Date
Abstract
A brief summary or description of the essential content from the source document. Author abstracts are available for the years indicated:
Citation Indexes
- Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) --1991-present
- Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) -- 1992-present
- Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) -- 2000-present
- Conference Proceedings Citation Index- Science (CPCI-S) -- 1991-present
- Conference Proceedings Citation Index- Social Science & Humanities (CPCI-SSH) --1992-present
- Book Citation Index– Science (BKCI-S) -- 2005-present
- Book Citation Index– Social Sciences & Humanities (BKCI-SSH) -- 2005-present
Chemistry Indexes
- Current Chemical Reactions (CCR-EXPANDED) --1985-present
- Index Chemicus (IC) -- 1993-present
Keywords
Author Keywords
Author keywords are included in records of articles from 1991 forward.
Author keywords are also included in conference proceedings in Web of Science Core Collection.
Keywords Plus®
KeyWords Plus® are index terms automatically generated from the titles of cited articles. KeyWords Plus terms must appear more than once in the bibliography and are ordered from multi-word phrases to single terms. KeyWords Plus augments traditional keyword or title retrieval.
Author Information
Corresponding Address (Previously Reprint Address)
The address of the corresponding author. It appears after the corresponding author name. A corresponding address may include:
- Corresponding author
- Organization
- Suborganization
- Street
- City
- State or Province
- Zip or Postal Code
If an address has a preferred organization name, then an Expand icon appears before the address.
Addresses
The addresses of all authors as supplied by the source journal.
The number before the address is associated with the author name that appears in the Author(s) field with the same (superscript) number.
Most records of articles published in 2008 or later link an address to an author name via a number in superscript next to the author name.
E-mail Addresses
The e-mail address of the author(s).
Funding
This field contains the funding information.
Sources:
- Publications: Web of Science Core Collection has been capturing funding information since 2008 in SCI-Expanded and since 2015 in SSCI from the publication. The Funding Agency table also lists the Preferred Funding Agency names when available.
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Medline and ResearchFish®: In 2016, Web of Science Core Collection began supplementing the grant information with grant agencies and grant numbers from MEDLINE and ResearchFish®. Records that already contained grant information will not be changed. Records that did not have grant information were updated with grant information from MEDLINE and ResearchFish®.
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Grant repositories: In 2021, Web of Science began supplementing the grant information with grant agencies, grant numbers, and additional grant details ingested directly from online grant repositories.
Funding Agency Name
The funding agency names provided in the funding information are listed in the Funding agency table. When a preferred name is available it is listed in the table. Click Show details to see the original names for those rows that list the preferred funding agency by default. See the preferred funder name list at the bottom of this page listing funding agency names that have been unified.
Note that some preferred funding agency names are a part of a hierarchy. For example, the NIH, “National Institutes of Health (NIH) – USA” is the preferred name for NIH, and United States Department of Health & Human Services is its the parent agency:
United States Department of Health & Human Services
National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA
Appeared in source as NIH
Grant Number
Funding information usually includes an ID number or code assigned by the funding agencies for a specific funding project. Examples of these are grant numbers, project numbers, and program numbers.
In Web of Science Core Collection, this identifier is called a grant number.
Grant numbers in the Web of Science Core Collection come from three sources
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Funding acknowledgment text indexed from the original publication
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MEDLINE data that corresponds to publications in the Web of Science Core Collection
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Funding details acquired directly from online grant repositories.
Click Show Details next to a grant number to see additional funding detail.
Funding Text
Click View funding text to view the acknowledgment of support indexed from the source document.
Funding sources that supported the research may be identified by the source article. Generally, this information is found in the acknowledgment section which often comes before the references at the end of the article. You may also find funding information at the end of the abstract or with address information.
Grant Repository Sources
In 2021, Web of Science began supplementing the grant information with grant agencies, grant numbers, and additional grant details ingested directly from online grant repositories.
See the current list of grant repositories here
Funding Details from Grants Index
Available for records with awarded grant details coming from the Grants Index on the Web of Science platform.
Click Show Details next to a grant number to see additional grant details or open the awarded grant in the Grants Index by choosing View in Grants Index.
Publisher
The publisher of the source document. Includes the publisher name and publisher address.
Note: See our Master Journal List for a list of our publications.
Journal Information
Table of Contents: Current Content Connect®
This field contains a link to the Current Contents Connect® Browse Journals page where you can browse the table of contents of journals and books covered by the editions and collections to which you subscribe in Current Contents Connect.
Journal Impact Factor: Journal Citation Reports®
The Journal Impact Factor is defined as all citations to the journal in the current JCR year to items published in the previous two years, divided by the total number of scholarly items (these comprise articles, reviews, and proceedings papers) published in the journal in the previous two years.
Though not a strict mathematical average, the Journal Impact Factor provides a functional approximation of the mean citation rate per citable item. A Journal Impact Factor of 1.0 means that, on average, the articles published one or two years ago have been cited one time. A Journal Impact Factor of 2.5 means that, on average, the articles published one or two years ago have been cited two and a half times. The citing works may be articles published in the same journal. However, most citing works are from different journals, proceedings, or books indexed in Web of Science Core Collection.
Journal Citation Indicator: Journal Citation Reports®
The Journal Citation Indicator is a new field-normalized metric calculated for all journals in the Web of Science Core Collection and will be published in the JCR. The value represents the average category-normalized citation impact for papers published in the prior three-year period. For example, the 2020 Journal Citation Indicator is calculated for journals that published citable items (i.e. research papers classified as articles or reviews in the Web of Science) in 2017, 2018 and 2019, counting all citations they received from any document indexed between 2017 and 2020.
Categories / Classification
The Categories / Classification section of the full record will display broad Research Areas, Web of Science Categories, Citation Topics, and Sustainable Development Goals.
Web of Science Categories
Subject category of the source publication. Some source publications are assigned to multiple categories. Records of documents from those publications contain multiple subject categories.
Research area of the source publication. A publication may have more than one research area.
The current list of Web of Science Categories is available here.
Citation Topics
Citation Topics are algorithmically derived citation clusters (using an algorithm developed by CWTS, Leiden). This is a three-level hierarchical document-level classification system:
- Macro Topics: 10
- Meso Topics: 326
- Micro Topics: 2478
A re-clustering of Citation Topics is done every April. Download the 2025 schema from the bottom of this article.
For Macro & Meso-topics, there are not significant changes in the composition or labels of Macro & Meso Citation Topics.
For Micro-topics, 1441 micro topics have required a change in the labels and 31 New Micro Citation Topics are added, and 1006 micro-ID labels remained unchanged.
For additional information, see the InCites Benchmarking and Analytics helpfile.
Download the 2025 Citation Topics schema
Sustainable Development Goals
The 2030 United Nations Agenda for Sustainable Development contains 17 core Sustainable Development Goals, which are calls for action by all countries.
The Sustainable Development Goals schema in the Web of Science allows to Refine and Analyze according all 17 Sustainable Development Goals.
Individual goals of the UN Sustainable Development Goals were compared to Micro Citation Topics. Selected Micro Citation Topics and their associated publications were assigned to one or more of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.
Every time the Micro Citation Topics are reviewed, the Sustainable Development Goals will be updated accordingly.
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals in WoS are:
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No Poverty
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Zero Hunger
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Good Health and Well-Being
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Quality Education
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Gender Equality
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Clean Water and Sanitation
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Affordable and Clean Energy
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Decent Work and Economic Growth
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Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
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Reduced Inequalities
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Sustainable Cities and Communities
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Responsible Consumption and Production
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Climate Action
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Life Below Water
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Life on Land
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Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
- Partnerships for the Goals
See the InCites help file for more information.
Panoramic Article View
360-degree view of a single article in Web of Science Core Collection. Shows additional metadata from other databases on the Web of Science platform that you can access, like Medline, BIOSIS Citation Index, CABI: CAB Abstracts and Global Health, FSTA-the food safety resource and/or Zoological Record.
Document Information
Document Type
The selected document type. For example, Article, Book, or Conference Proceedings. The Web of Science Core Collection classifies items into over 45 different document types.
Book Chapter Count
The total number of chapters in a book.
Some records in Web of Science may have two document types: Article and Proceedings Paper.
An Article is generally published in a journal. A Proceedings Paper is generally published in a book of conference proceedings. Records covered in the two Conference Proceedings indexes (CPCI-S and CPCI-SSH) are identified as Proceedings Paper. The same records covered in the three indexes (SCI-E, SSCI, and A&HCI) are identified as Article when published in a journal.
Language
The selected language of the source document.
Accession Number
A unique identifying number associated with each record in the product. It consists of a product identification code and a unique item number.
PMID
PubMed ID. The PubMed ID is available for records of documents that have corresponding records in MEDLINE.
ISBN
The International Standard Book Number is a unique machine-readable identifier that marks a book unmistakably.
The format is a 10-digit number that contains 3 hyphens (-). The last digit is a check character, which may be a number or an X. The position of the hyphens can vary for each ISBN identifier. Example: 978-0-387-36949-5
ISSN
The International Standard Serial Number is a unique eight-digit number that identifies periodical publications such as journals and electronic publications. If a journal has both a print ISSN and an electronic ISSN, then both display. The format is four numbers, a hyphen (-), three numbers, and then a check character that may be a number or X. Example: 1367-4803
eISSN
The Electronic International Standard Serial Number is a unique eight-digit number that identifies periodical publications such as journals and electronic publications. If a journal has an electronic ISSN, then that number display in this field. The format is four numbers, a hyphen (-), three numbers, and then a check character that may be a number or X. Example: 1367-4803
Citation Network
Times Cited
The Times Cited count is the number of articles in the database that cite the current article. Click the number to go to the list of citing articles.
Times Cited count in Web of Science Core Collection shows the number of publications that cite the current article in the Web of Science Core Collection
Times Cited in All Databases shows the unique number of publications that cite the current article on the Web of Science platform. Choose See more times cited to drill down into the citation count in individual databases
The View Citing Preprints shows the number of citations from preprint publications in Preprint Citation Index.
Cited References
The Cited References count displays the number of documents cited by the current record. Click the number to view the list of cited references. From there you can view the full record of each cited reference. (Access to the full records of cited references may be limited to your institution's subscription.)
Some articles have enriched the cited references with additional context that is designed to capture the author’s intent when citing references in the body of their article including:
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how many times a reference was cited within this article so that you know how impactful it was to the author
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what references are cited in proximity so that you know which references are most related
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where in the body of the article it was cited so that you know why the reference might have been cited (i.e., references from the introduction or beginning of an article are foundational articles whereas references from the material and methods section may related to how the experiment was structured).
A visualization accompanies these enriched cited references in which a dot indicates each time a cited reference was cited within the body of the article. Hover on the dots to see which reference the dot represents. Click on the “View in-text mention” to navigate down to the cited reference of interest and see which other references were cited nearby, which suggests a close degree of relatedness.
You may also sort the enriched cited references to view them in the order of first appearance (most like a traditional bibliography); by all appearances (so you can see which references were cited near each other; and by Cited in article-Highest (so you can surface the must-read, most impactful references if you are pressed for time).
Citing Items Classification
The Citing items by classification is a breakdown of how an article has been referenced, based on citation context data and in-text mentions from eligible citing items. This analysis reflects the number of times an article has been cited by another article indexed in Web of Science Core Collection that has citation context available.
In general, citation context is available for records that are classified as doctype is "article" and were published recently (data availability starts in 2019 with an ever-expanding journal set). Because citation context is not available for older content or publications that are not classified as articles, a total number of citing items is provided to help put the analysis in perspective. Each citing item can mention the article one or more times within the body of the article. The total number of citation classifications reflects the number of in-text mentions in the citing items and may exceed the total number of citing items.
Seeing the citation classifications in aggregate from all items that cited this item gives researchers an idea on why it is cited. Using the citation classifications assigned to newly published articles as part of our enriched cited references feature, we have aggregated mentions to this article based on the author’s intent
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Background — previously published research that orients the current study within a scholarly area
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Basis — references that report the data sets, methods, concepts and ideas that the author is using for her work directly or on which the author bases their work
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Discuss — references mentioned because the current study is going into a more detailed discussion
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Support — references which the current study reports to have similar results to. This may also refer to similarities in methodology or in some cases replication of results.
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Differ — references which the current study reports to have differing results to. This may also refer to differences in methodology or differences in sample sizes, affecting results.
Because authors can cite any previously published research, this Citing Items by Classification breakdown may be found on any article in the Web of Science Core Collection.
You can click on the citing items assigned to a specific classification to view the citing articles and each in-text mentions associated with the selected classification. Each in-text mention will include a brief snippet of the author’s exact words used when citing this source.
Citation Performance
The citation performance for an article relative to peer articles can be found by clicking "Open comparison metrics panel" on the right of each record. Citation performance metrics are available for all items in the Web of Science from 1980 to the present. Citation performance metrics are updated once a month in the InCites Benchmarking & Analytics Platform.
Citation performance metrics for InCites Benchmarking & Analytics subscribers.
Customers who have an active InCites Benchmarking & Analytics subscription will see
| Category Normalized Citation Impact |
Category Normalized Citation Impact (CNCI) is the ratio of a document's actual times cited count to the expected count for a document of the same type, from the same category, and published in the same year. If the ratio is above 1, then the document's citation performance is above average. |
| Category expected citations | The expected number of citations calculated from other items of the same type (article, review, etc.) published in the same subject categories and year. |
| Percentile in subject area | The percentage of documents of the same type, from the same category and published in the same year that have a lower citation count than this paper. |
| Journal Normalized Citation Impact | Journal Normalized Citation Impact (JNCI) is the ratio of a document's actual times cited count to the expected count for a document of the same type, from the same journal, and published in the same year. If the ratio is above 1, then the document's citation performance is above average. |
| Journal expected citations | The expected number of citations calculated from other items of the same type (article, review, etc.) published in the same journal and year |
Citation performance metrics for users without and InCites Benchmarking & Analytics subscription.
Users without an InCites Benchmarking & Analytics subscription will see a reduced view of the citation performance metrics. Those without a subscription will see only whether an item's citation performance is above or below average for peer items from the same journal or subject category.
Related records
Related Records are publications that share two or more references with the article you are viewing, the more shared cited reference, the closer the connection is. Instead of relying on keywords alone, this feature uses the citation network to uncover articles that are closely connected, even if they use different terminology.
Chemical Reaction Fields (Patent Information)
Any or all of the following fields may appear in a record, depending on the content and type of the source document. If no data are available for a particular field, then the field does not display.
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| Patent Title | The title of the patent. |
| Author(s) / Inventor(s) | The inventor(s) of an invention. |
| Patent Number | The patent number is a unique identifier of a specific patent. |
| Example | DE10146433-A1 |
| Addresses | The address of the patent assignee. |
| Document Type | The selected document type. |
| Patent Kind | A kind code is a one- or two-character code that indicates the stage in the patenting process. |
| Patent Date | The date of the granted patent. |
| Latest Priority Date | The latest date when the patent was filed. |
| Latest Priority Country | The country where the patent was last filed. |
| Latest Priority Number | The number of the patent issued by the latest priority country. |
| Earliest Priority Date | The earliest date when the patent was filed. |
| Earliest Priority Country | The country where the patent was first filed. |
| Earliest Priority Number | The number of the patent issued by the earliest priority country. |
| Reactions |
A graphical display of the reactions.
|
Other Information
IDS Number
The IDS Number uniquely identifies an issue of a journal. At one time, it was used to order copies of articles from a document delivery service. This identifier still has utility because records of articles from the same issue of a journal share the same IDS Number.
Please contact your library administrator, or person(s) responsible for document delivery, to learn how to obtain printed copies of articles. Alternatively, go to the website of the Copyright Clearance Center, www.contentscm.com, to learn how to order copies of documents from the CCC.
To access the full text of a document in electronic form, open the Full Text Options menu above a full record.
You May Also Like
In this section of a record, view a list of records you might find interesting based on the current record. It can help you discover other relevant records.
We use anonymous usage data from all our users to populate this list. When someone visits a full record page and also visits another record page, these two topics may relate to a similar topic. When we analyze millions of these relationships, we can start to gain more confidence in the connection between records.
If a record does not display a You May Also Like section, it is likely due to there not being enough data to populate a list.
Compounds
If the record was retrieved from Index Chemicus, new compounds reported in the article are listed below the bibliographic record.
Reactions
If the record was retrieved from Current Chemical Reactions, reactions from each new synthetic method reported in the source article are listed below the bibliographic record.